What is the term for the difference in charge across a cell membrane?

The term for the difference in charge across a cell membrane is membrane potential. This potential arises due to the differential distribution of ions across the cell membrane, which establishes an electrical gradient. This gradient is crucial for various cellular functions, particularly in excitable tissues like neurons and muscle cells.

Membrane potential is typically measured in millivolts (mV) and plays a fundamental role in processes such as the activation of action potentials and the overall excitability of the cell. It's important to note that while "resting potential" and "action potential" are related concepts, they refer to specific states of membrane potential within a cell. Resting potential describes the membrane potential when a cell is not transmitting signals, while action potential refers to the rapid change in membrane potential during signal transmission.

In contrast, "cellular potential" is a broader and less specific term that is not commonly used in scientific discussions about electrophysiology, thus making "membrane potential" the most accurate and precise choice in this context.