What is the process referred to when a protein unfolds from its natural structure?

The process where a protein unfolds from its natural structure is known as protein denaturation. This phenomenon occurs when the protein's normal three-dimensional structure is disrupted, usually due to external factors such as changes in temperature, pH, or the presence of certain chemicals. When a protein denatures, it loses its functional conformation, which can affect its biological activity.

Understanding denaturation is crucial because proteins rely on their specific shapes to perform their functions; when they unfold, they may no longer be able to catalyze reactions or perform their roles in cellular processes effectively. In contrast, protein synthesis refers to the process of forming proteins based on genetic instructions, while protein folding is the process of a newly synthesized protein acquiring its functional shape. Protein decomposition typically refers to the breakdown of proteins into amino acids or simpler components, which is a different process altogether.