What is cell differentiation?

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type, acquiring specific structures and functions that are characteristic of a particular cell type. This process is crucial in the development of multicellular organisms, as it allows for the formation of different tissues and organs, each with unique roles in the body. During differentiation, cells undergo changes in gene expression, leading to the production of proteins that enable them to perform specialized tasks. For example, stem cells can differentiate into muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells, depending on the signals they receive and the environment they are in.

This phenomenon is essential for the development and maintenance of a healthy organism, as it creates the diversity of cell types necessary for various biological functions. Understanding cell differentiation helps in fields such as regenerative medicine and developmental biology, where researchers aim to harness this process for therapeutic purposes.