What is a fundamental principle of the chromosome theory of inheritance?

The correct answer highlights a central tenet of the chromosome theory of inheritance, which is that genes are physically located on chromosomes. This principle is foundational because it provides the basis for understanding how traits are passed from one generation to the next. According to this theory, chromosomes carry the genes, and during reproduction, these chromosomes are passed on to offspring, ensuring the continuity of genetic information.

The location of genes on chromosomes helps explain the mechanisms of inheritance and genetic variation. It allows scientists to trace inheritance patterns and understand genetic linkage, as genes that are close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. This insight has been instrumental in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, and breeding programs.

The other options do not capture the essence of the chromosome theory. For example, attributing all phenotypic traits solely to chromosomes overlooks the influence of environmental factors and complex gene interactions. Similarly, while inheritance patterns can involve randomness, the structured nature of chromosome segregation is defined and predictable during meiosis. Lastly, the idea that all traits are inherited independently is only true for genes located on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome; genes that are closely linked tend to exhibit dependent assortment rather than independent inheritance. Thus, the principle about the location of genes on