What effect does protein denaturation usually have on proteins?

Protein denaturation refers to the structural alteration of proteins, leading to a loss of their native conformation. When proteins are denatured, their secondary and tertiary structures unfold or change, which typically results in the proteins becoming functionally inactive. This loss of structure means that the protein can no longer perform its biological functions as efficiently as it could in its original, properly folded state.

Denaturation can occur due to various factors such as heat, pH changes, or exposure to chemicals. Once a protein is denatured, it does not regain its original structure or function, meaning it often cannot participate in the biochemical processes it was originally involved in. Therefore, the correct answer accurately describes the typical effect of protein denaturation on proteins, emphasizing their breakdown and inactivation as a result of losing their functional conformation.