What does Transfer RNA (tRNA) do during protein synthesis?

Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a crucial role in the process of protein synthesis by transferring amino acids to ribosomes, where proteins are assembled. During translation, tRNA molecules recognize specific codons on the messenger RNA (mRNA) strand through their anticodon regions. Each tRNA is attached to a specific amino acid, corresponding to its associated codon. When the tRNA pairs with the mRNA, it ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain in the appropriate sequence, which is dictated by the mRNA's codons. This function is vital for accurately building proteins according to the genetic instructions provided by the DNA.

In contrast, the other options highlight different aspects of cellular processes unrelated to the specific function of tRNA. For instance, while ribosomes provide structural support during protein synthesis, they do not directly involve tRNA in a structural capacity. The role of carrying genetic information falls to messenger RNA (mRNA), which transcribes the information from DNA, rather than tRNA. Finally, initiating the translation process typically involves components other than tRNA, such as initiation factors and the ribosomal subunits themselves. This delineation of roles is essential for the correct execution of protein synthesis within the cell.