What concepts are combined in the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology?

The modern synthesis of evolutionary biology integrates the concepts of evolution and genetics to form a comprehensive understanding of how species change over time. This synthesis emerged in the mid-20th century, combining Darwin's theory of natural selection with Mendelian genetics, which explains how traits are inherited through genes.

This combination allows biologists to understand how genetic variation within a population contributes to evolutionary processes. For instance, mutations in DNA create new alleles, which can provide different traits that might be subject to natural selection. Populations evolve as advantageous traits become more common over generations due to selective pressures, leading to a more fit population in a specific environment.

By emphasizing the role of genetics in evolutionary theory, the modern synthesis clarifies the mechanisms behind species adaptation and the emergence of new species, making it a cornerstone of contemporary evolutionary biology.